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# Performance Optimization Guide
Maximize llama.cpp inference speed and efficiency.
## CPU Optimization
### Thread tuning
```bash
# Set threads (default: physical cores)
./llama-cli -m model.gguf -t 8
# For AMD Ryzen 9 7950X (16 cores, 32 threads)
-t 16 # Best: physical cores
# Avoid hyperthreading (slower for matrix ops)
```
### BLAS acceleration
```bash
# OpenBLAS (faster matrix ops)
make LLAMA_OPENBLAS=1
# BLAS gives 2-3× speedup
```
## GPU Offloading
### Layer offloading
```bash
# Offload 35 layers to GPU (hybrid mode)
./llama-cli -m model.gguf -ngl 35
# Offload all layers
./llama-cli -m model.gguf -ngl 999
# Find optimal value:
# Start with -ngl 999
# If OOM, reduce by 5 until fits
```
### Memory usage
```bash
# Check VRAM usage
nvidia-smi dmon
# Reduce context if needed
./llama-cli -m model.gguf -c 2048 # 2K context instead of 4K
```
## Batch Processing
```bash
# Increase batch size for throughput
./llama-cli -m model.gguf -b 512 # Default: 512
# Physical batch (GPU)
--ubatch 128 # Process 128 tokens at once
```
## Context Management
```bash
# Default context (512 tokens)
-c 512
# Longer context (slower, more memory)
-c 4096
# Very long context (if model supports)
-c 32768
```
## Benchmarks
### CPU Performance (Llama 2-7B Q4_K_M)
| Setup | Speed | Notes |
|-------|-------|-------|
| Apple M3 Max | 50 tok/s | Metal acceleration |
| AMD 7950X (16c) | 35 tok/s | OpenBLAS |
| Intel i9-13900K | 30 tok/s | AVX2 |
### GPU Offloading (RTX 4090)
| Layers GPU | Speed | VRAM |
|------------|-------|------|
| 0 (CPU only) | 30 tok/s | 0 GB |
| 20 (hybrid) | 80 tok/s | 8 GB |
| 35 (all) | 120 tok/s | 12 GB |